Cultural Types - The Lewis Model of Culture Triangle - Empowerment Coaching Krakow Blog

Handling change is challenging, and managing a multicultural team through change makes it even more difficult. That can be particularly challenging for the team leader. So, how can you ensure success in such a situation?

If you are a leader and you want to implement change in an international team, it is worth paying attention to the following before you start:

Understand reflexive reactions in response to changes. The reactions were influenced by the national Culture in which people were raised.
Understand the organizational Culture, including the unwritten rules of behavior in specific situations, particularly during change.
Recognize the conflicts and synergies arising from national and cultural diversity in your organization.

It is essential to remember that combining various nationalities and social groups can be a complex matter heavily influenced by national characteristics. We often neglect this on a day-to-day basis.

The most significant differences lie in expressing emotions, verbally and non-verbally, establishing relationships, approaching hierarchies and authorities, and ultimately, dealing with goals and people. That is all rooted in mentality, including both formal and informal norms.

Cultural Types - The Lewis Model

Many models and theories describe the dynamics of multiculturalism and cross-cultural communication. One of the leading ones is the model developed by the British expert on cultures and languages, Richard D. Lewis, which has gained recognition all over the world. This model is considered the most practical and the easiest to use in everyday communication today.

When was this model created?

The Lewis Model (de. Lewis modell der Kulturen, fr. modèle de Lewis culture) was developed in the 1990s and was published in his bestseller When Cultures Collide: Leading Across Cultures (1996).

This cross-cultural model is based on data from 50,000 directors participating in the in-house research sessions and more than 150,000 online questionnaires prepared for 68 nationalities. In the Lewis Model, Culture is based NOT on nationality, economic development, or religion - it is based on BEHAVIOR.

Richard Lewis has visited 135 countries and worked in over 20 of them. He also speaks 10 European and 2 Asian languages.

What are cultural type categories defined in this model

The Lewis Model defines three main categories, described as follows:

Multi-active: extrovert, speaks more than hears, people-oriented, social, has divisive attention, can interrupt and disturb, shows affection and willingly talks about them, displays expressive body language and gestures, makes general plans, has a flexible approach to the concept of truth, and combines personal and professional life easily.

Reactive: introvert, listens more often than talks, does not interrupt, does not disturb, composed, silent, patient, good listener, limited body language, indirect, hides feelings, does not like to oppose, a good name is a matter of honor, introduces small changes, calm, punctual, people-oriented, values diplomacy more than truthfulness, takes own goals very seriously.

Linear-active: introvert, both listens and speaks, has undivided attention, is structured but firm and specific, displays limited body language and gestures, plans actions step by step, sometimes impatient, sticks to facts, refers to logic, cares about own good name, respects the law, values truth more than diplomacy, likes privacy, separates personal life from professional life.

On this basis, Lewis created a comprehensive model in which he placed all the major nationalities of the world on a single scale. Linear active, multi-active, and reactive types have been put on a single graph, constituting the Culture Triangle.

Knowing this key, you can analyze situations that seem surprising and incomprehensible to you. And if you find no other reasons, there is a high probability that the misunderstandings are due to cultural differences.

Interactions between the main culture types

Lewis has developed a model that identifies the dominant features of each type and shows how members of each category interact with one another. The Lewis Model diagram is a simple yet effective tool that provides valuable insight into these interactions. Moreover, the statistical confirmation of the information presented on the diagram adds to its credibility.

The Lewis Model of Culture - Empowerment Coaching Krakow Blog

Building international teams

Richard Lewis and his team researched a group of managers working in a multicultural environment. They also created a catalog of the most distinctive features describing major nationalities, which included a list of their strengths and weaknesses. This information is precise and meaningful. It provides insight into the interactions and conflicts we can expect in an international team. The catalog enables us to understand unique behaviors, convictions, and focus points.

Despite team members being united by a corporate vision and company values, national mentality and upbringing have a more deeply rooted influence. The emotional impact is much stronger than the rational influence of company values. While all team members may accept the company values rationally, their cultural backgrounds still impact their behaviors and actions.

Main nationalities of the Western world - examples of the characteristics

Americans - action-oriented, able to put plans into practice, simplify matters, focus on quick profits, think in large-scale categories, are not afraid to take risks, are willing to invest, enterprising, concrete, good at planning sales and marketing, monitor budgets well, energetic and enthusiastic.

The British - calm and unemotional, diplomatic, like to play the role of referees, can solve problems creatively, are conciliatory, that is, avoid conflicts and irritations, think long-term, good administrators, they like to manage a meeting or a team, and believe that you have to be fair.

French - logical visionaries, full of ideas, intelligently lead the team, used to develop a conceptual and comprehensive approach to the project.

The Dutch - are always busy and ready to grasp business opportunities, work fast, identify weaknesses effortlessly, are good organizers, and do not like to waste time. Can assess problems from an international perspective; democratic, stubborn in searching

solutions.

Spaniards - full of warmth and vitality, visionaries, focus on ideas and ideals, effective in persuasion, often resolve conflicts through mediation, loyal team members when appreciated. When needed - they work many hours without a break.

Germans - pay attention to technical details, plan distant matters, have general competencies, stick to plans and deadlines, identify difficulties readily, and try to anticipate problems that may arise in the future.

Swedes - Logical and practical, have a good understanding and analysis of processes, laws, and rules; they use compromise solutions in no-way-out situations. They remain calm and polite in conflict situations, are skilled in planning technical details, and always consult others.

Italians - Visionary, good in interpersonal relations, they can often glue even conflicted teams, conduct disputes and discussions flawlessly, especially among Latinos, flexible, reasonable, never disregard seemingly less important matters, they can work at different times depending on the needs.

Strengths and weaknesses of different nationalities from all over the world

Here is a breakdown of national strengths and weaknesses compiled by the project team. It is worth paying attention to the position of the Chinese in exile.

Strengths and weaknesses of nationalities - Empowerment Coaching Krakow Blog

Strengths and weaknesses of nationalities - Empowerment Coaching Krakow - 2

The concept of horizons by Richard Lewis

Lewis and his team undertake highly intricate work. His writing on multiculturalism showcases his strong commitment to this topic. His book is a comprehensive 600-page tome featuring over 100 distinct diagrams and charts.

One of his quotes that stands out is:

Our genes, our parental and educational training, our societal rules, our very language, enable us to see only so far—as far as our horizon. We can broaden our horizon to some degree by living in other countries; learning foreign languages; and reading books on philosophy, psychology, other cultures and a variety of other subjects. Unless we make such efforts, our horizon remains a South African horizon, a Colombian horizon, an Egyptian horizon or one of many other worldviews. In other words, each cultural group enjoys a certain segment of experience, which is no more than a fraction of the total possible available experience. Benjamin Whorf believed that such segments of experience were limited by the vocabulary and concepts inherent in one’s language. By learning more languages, especially those with excitingly different concepts, we can widen our vision and gain deeper insight into the nature of reality. Many graduates in Romance studies feel enriched by being able to see the world through Spanish eyes or using French rationality. Scholars of Chinese or Japanese often develop two personalities when immersing themselves in one of these two languages.

Lewis aimed to create a simple method of organizing and categorizing the differences among cultures and nationalities. He also sought a way to overcome these differences. To achieve this, he introduced the concept of horizons. They are applicable at the level of the three primary type categories and among individual nationalities. Each nationality has specific characteristics that fall within its horizon and those that do not.

The key to resolving differences and finding common ground is fostering cooperation on features shared by both horizons. We will explore three horizons demonstrating the interactions between selected linear-active, multi-active, and reactive types.

The Lewis Model of Horizons - Empowerment Coaching Krakow - 1

The Lewis Model of Horizons - Empowerment Coaching Krakow - 2

The Lewis Model of Horizons - Empowerment Coaching Krakow - 3

The Lewis Model - Examples and Practical Implications of Cross-cultural Differences

When collaborating with people from different countries, it is essential to understand their communication styles and societal norms. For example, if you are a Pole working with an Englishman or a Japanese person, there are some things to remember.

Poles may find it demanding to work with Japanese people who value indirectness and avoiding confrontation. Japanese Culture also emphasizes respecting authority figures, so be mindful of this when giving feedback to a supervisor.

When working with British people, it is necessary to remember that they often use sarcasm and humor in their communication. If you take their statements literally, you may misunderstand their true intentions. To illustrate this point, refer to the table below.

What the British say and foreigners understand - Empowerment Coaching Krakow

Practical lessons from working in a multicultural environment

While I am not an expert on multiculturalism, my over 20 years of experience in a multinational corporation and interaction with diverse social groups have taught me a few important lessons. Successful cooperation and social interaction require patience, tolerance, a willingness to learn and understand, and the readiness to ask for help/advice from others. It also means allowing yourself to make mistakes and quickly learning from them. Paradoxically, in a business world, achieving the goal takes a backseat. Because the more we focus on achieving it, the more resistance we will encounter.

So, in multicultural business, HOW matters more than WHAT, WHO, and WHEN.

Perhaps we owe a general definition of what the Culture is. A Culture is a way of life of a group of people. The five aspects of Culture are the following:

values and beliefs,
language,
symbols,
rituals,
informal and formal norms.

These aspects shape all other customs. In human society, you may find various culture categories: high, low, folk, popular, mass, and material culture. Culture can be thoughts of social influence, and it must be social. Without it, there is no concept of Culture.

High Culture refers to cultural products that are perceived by some to be the pinnacle of creative achievement and thus to have a higher status in society (for example, classical music). The High Culture concept was introduced by Matthew Arnold. He defined Culture as the disinterested endeavor after perfection, obtained by the effort to know the best that has been said and thought in the world (1869).

Low Culture is a derogatory term used to refer to cultures seen as inferior or of low or no value.

Folk Culture refers to the everyday practices of ordinary local people, often rooted in long-standing traditions.

Mass Culture, Consumer Culture, or Popular Culture refers to cultural products manufactured by entrepreneurs and media companies in modern capitalist societies. The products are produced for mass consumption.

A preoccupation with materialism is typical of modern societies in the Western world, especially the United States. Material objects play a vital role and determine social status.

Ps You may also find the term Dual Sector Model, referred to as the Lewis Model. That, however, is the model in developmental economics that explains the growth of a developing economy and has been created by Saint Lucian economist Sir Arthur Lewis.

Sources:

Richard D. Lewis, When Cultures Collide. Leading Across Cultures, Nicholas Brealey Int., London, 2006

Misunderstandings in the workplace may also stem from cognitive biases.

A special section about cognitive biases is available on the Empowerment Coaching portal. There you will find, among others, the Library of the 50 Most Common Cognitive Biases

designed in the form of infographics.

These memes are free to download and distribute.

50 Cognitive Biases

In addition to the cognitive biases library, in our dedicated section, you will find comprehensive information explaining what cognitive bias is and how to identify and eliminate your cognitive heuristics.